Amended  IN  Senate  June 12, 2018
Amended  IN  Senate  April 16, 2018
Amended  IN  Assembly  March 23, 2017

CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE— 2017–2018 REGULAR SESSION

Assembly Bill No. 931

Introduced by Assembly Members Weber and McCarty
(Principal coauthors: Assembly Members Holden, Jones-Sawyer, and Mark Stone)
(Principal coauthors: Senators Bradford and Mitchell)

February 16, 2017

An act to amend Sections 196 and 835a of the Penal Code, relating to criminal procedure.


LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST


AB 931, as amended, Weber. Criminal procedure: use of force by peace officers.
Existing law authorizes a peace officer to make an arrest pursuant to a warrant or based upon probable cause, as specified.
Under existing law, an arrest is made by the actual restraint of the person or by submission to the custody of the arresting officer.
Existing law authorizes a peace officer to use reasonable force to effect the arrest, to prevent escape, or to overcome resistance. Existing law does not require an officer to retreat or desist from an attempt to make an arrest because of resistance or threatened resistance of the person being arrested.
Under existing law, the use of deadly force resulting in the death of a person is justified when it was necessarily committed in overcoming actual resistance to an arrest, when it was necessarily committed in apprehending a felon who had escaped from custody, or when it was necessarily committed in arresting a person charged with a felony and who was fleeing from justice or resisting arrest.
Existing case law prohibits the use of deadly force by a peace officer unless, among other criteria, there is a reasonable fear of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or another.
This bill would limit the use of deadly force, as defined, by a peace officer to those situations where it is necessary necessary, as defined, to prevent imminent and serious bodily injury or death to the officer or to a third party, another person, as specified. The bill would prohibit the use of deadly force by a peace officer in a situation where an individual poses a risk only to himself or herself. The bill would also limit the use of deadly force by a peace officer against a person fleeing from arrest or imprisonment to only those situations in which the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving serious bodily injury or death, and there is an imminent risk of serious bodily injury or death to the officer or to another person if the subject is not immediately apprehended.
This bill would make a homicide committed by a peace officer justifiable only if the use of deadly force by a peace officer was necessary given the totality of the circumstances, as specified, but would exclude those situations in which the gross negligence of the officer contributes to creating the necessity. consistent with the aforementioned provisions.
Under existing law, a homicide is justified when a person is acting in self defense or defense of another, as specified.
The bill would make this defense unavailable to an officer whose actions were such a departure from the expected conduct of an ordinarily prudent or careful officer in the same circumstances as to be incompatible with a proper regard for human life.
This bill would make legislative declarations regarding its provisions.
Vote: MAJORITY   Appropriation: NO   Fiscal Committee: NOYES   Local Program: NO  

The people of the State of California do enact as follows:


SECTION 1.

 Section 196 of the Penal Code is amended to read:

196.
 (a) Homicide is justifiable when committed by public officers and those acting by their command in their aid and assistance, as follows:

(a)

(1) In obedience to any judgment of a competent court.

(b)When necessary given the totality of the circumstances, pursuant to subdivision (d) of Section 835a, unless committed by a public officer whose gross negligence substantially contributed to making it necessary.

(2) When resulting from physical force used consistent with Section 835a.
(b) A defense to a charge of homicide in violation of Section 192 shall not be available pursuant to this section or Section 197 for a public officer whose conduct is such a departure from the expected conduct of an ordinarily prudent or careful officer under the same circumstances as to be incompatible with a proper regard for human life, and where an officer of ordinary prudence would have foreseen that the conduct would create a likelihood of death or great bodily harm.

SEC. 2.

 Section 835a of the Penal Code is amended to read:

835a.
 (a) The Legislature finds and declares that the authority to use physical force, conferred on peace officers by this section, is a serious responsibility that must be exercised judiciously and with respect for human rights and dignity and for the sanctity of every human life. The Legislature further finds and declares that every person has a right to be free from excessive force by officers acting under color of law.
(b) Any peace officer who has reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed a public offense may use reasonable force force, other than deadly force, to effect the arrest, to prevent escape, or to overcome resistance.
(c) A peace officer shall not be deemed an aggressor or lose his or her right to self-defense by the use of reasonable force to effect the arrest, to prevent escape, or to overcome resistance.
(d) (1) (A) Notwithstanding any other law, a peace officer may use deadly force only when such force is necessary to prevent imminent and death or serious bodily injury or death to the officer or to a third party. another person.
(B) As used in this paragraph, the following terms have the following meanings:
(i) “Necessary” means that, given the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable peace officer would conclude that there was no reasonable alternative to the use of deadly force that would prevent imminent death or serious bodily injury to the peace officer or to another person.
(ii) “Reasonable alternatives” mean tactics and methods, other than the use of deadly force, of apprehending a subject or addressing a situation that do not unreasonably increase the threat posed to the peace officer or another person. Reasonable alternatives may include, but are not limited to, verbal communications, warnings, deescalation, and tactical repositioning, along with other tactics and techniques intended to stabilize the situation and reduce the immediacy of the threat so that more time, options, and resources can be called upon to resolve the situation without the use of deadly force.
(iii) “Totality of the circumstances” includes all facts reasonably known to the peace officer at the time, including the actions of the subject and the officer leading up to the use of deadly force.
(2) A peace officer shall not use deadly force against an individual based on the danger that individual poses to himself or herself, if the individual does not pose an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury or death to officers or to other members of the public. to the peace officer or to another person.
(3) A peace officer may use deadly force against persons fleeing from arrest or imprisonment only when the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving serious bodily injury or death, and there is an imminent risk of serious bodily injury or death to the officer or to another person if the subject is not immediately apprehended. fleeing persons only when both of the following are true:
(A) The officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving death or serious bodily injury.
(B) There is an imminent risk of death or serious bodily injury to the peace officer or to another person if the subject is not immediately apprehended.
(4) For the purposes of this subdivision: subdivision, “deadly force” means any use of force that creates a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily injury, including, but not limited to, the discharge of a firearm.

(A)“Necessary” means that, given the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable peace officer would conclude that there was no reasonable alternative to the use of deadly force that would prevent imminent death or serious bodily injury to the peace officer or to a third party. Reasonable alternatives include, but are not limited to, deescalation, tactics set forth in the officer’s training or in policy, and other reasonable means of apprehending the subject or reducing the exposure to the threat.

(B)The “totality of the circumstances” includes, but is not limited to, the facts available to the peace officer at the time, the conduct of the subject and the officer leading up to the use of deadly force, and whether the officer’s conduct was consistent with applicable training and policy.

(C)“Deescalation” means taking action or communicating verbally or nonverbally during a potential force encounter in an attempt to stabilize the situation and reduce the immediacy of the threat so that more time, options, and resources can be called upon to resolve the situation without the use of force or with a reduction of the force necessary. Deescalation tactics include, but are not limited to, warnings, verbal persuasion, and tactical repositioning.